House vacancies leave Democrats with tenuous hold on majority

Democrats entered the year with a tenuous grip on Congress, with 50 seats in the Senate and a narrow majority in the House. But that House majority has become even smaller thanks to five vacancies with pending special elections.

Three Democrats left the House to join the Biden administration: presidential adviser Cedric Richmond, Housing and Urban Development Secretary Marcia Fudge and Interior Secretary Deb Haaland. With the death of Congressman Alcee Hastings on Tuesday, Democrats now hold 218 seats. There is also one vacant Republican seat, after the death of GOP Congressman Ron Wright in February, leaving Republicans with 212 seats in the House. With the five vacancies, 216 votes are needed for a majority.

Unlike in the Senate, the Constitution requires that vacancies be filled by special elections, with the date set by the state’s governor. There will be a runoff election to fill Richmond’s seat on April 24, and a special election on May 1 to fill Wright’s seat. The special election to fill Haaland’s seat is June 1. The primary special election for Fudge’s seat will be held on August 3, but the general election will not be until November 2. Even though Fudge’s seat is safely Democratic and the winner of the August 3 primary will likely win the general election, her successor will not be able to take office until November. Florida Governor Ron DeSantis, a Republican, has not yet set the date for the special election to fill Hastings’ seat.

With such a narrow majority, Speaker Nancy Pelosi can only afford to lose two Democratic votes on any legislation opposed by all Democrats. This leaves Democrats with little room for error as they mull using budget reconciliation to pass President Biden’s massive infrastructure package, which would allow it to pass with a simple majority in the Senate. Congress used budget reconciliation to pass Mr. Biden’s $1.9 trillion American Rescue Plan, which only one House Democrat, Congressman Jared Golden, voted against.

Golden, who represents a centrist district in Maine, will be a key swing vote in the coming months. Other moderate members of the House who represent districts which former President Donald Trump won may also choose to exert their influence on controversial legislation.

But the narrow majority means that essentially any two members can have a veto over certain legislation. Progressives in the House may also try to use their leverage to block legislation which they believe does not go far enough.